The tourism industry is among the most heavily disrupted industries in the COVID-19 crisis as restrictions made it difficult (sometimes even impossible) to travel while various tourist destinations had to close temporarily. Moreover, we assume that the psychological impact of the crisis on people is bigger than estimated (implying that people become less willing to travel to distant locations, in particular to emerging economies where healthcare is generally not at world-class standards).

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Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves fell in November 2017. At the end of November the nation's foreign exchange reserves stood at USD $125.97 billion, down from USD $126.55 billion at the end of the preceding month. Despite the decline, the exchange assets can still adequately cover 8.4 months of imports or 8.1 months of imports and servicing of government external debt repayments, well above international standards at 3 months of imports.

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By the end of September 2017, Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves stood at USD $129.4 billion, slightly up from USD $128.8 billion in the preceding month, hence hitting a new all-time record. Indonesia's central bank (Bank Indonesia) said this increase was primarily attributed to foreign exchange receipts from tax revenues, government oil & gas export proceeds, the withdrawal of government foreign loans as well as the auction of Bank Indonesia foreign exchange bills.

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The central bank of Indonesia (Bank Indonesia) announced that the country's foreign exchange reserves rose USD $4.7 billion to the level of USD $127.76 billion at the end of July 2017. Growth of forex assets was primarily attributed to foreign exchange receipts, including the government's issuance of global bonds, tax revenues and government oil & gas export proceeds. Lastly, the auction of Bank Indonesia foreign exchange bills also added forex receipts.

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Since November 2016 we had seen six consecutive months of rising foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia. However, this trend ended in June 2017. The central bank of Indonesia (Bank Indonesia) announced on Friday (07/07) that the nation's foreign exchange assets fell to USD $123.09 billion last month, from USD $124.95 billion in May 2017 (which was an all-time record high level).

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The central bank of Indonesia (Bank Indonesia) announced the country's foreign exchange reserves rose by USD $1.7 billion to reach the new record high of USD $124.95 billion at the end of May 2017. Growth of Indonesia's foreign exchange assets was attributed to foreign exchange receipts (mainly originating from tax revenues and government oil & gas export earnings), as well as to Bank Indonesia's foreign exchange bills auction.

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The central bank of Indonesia (Bank Indonesia) said the nation's foreign exchange reserves rose to USD $121.8 billion in late March 2017 from USD $119.9 billion in the preceding month. The increase was primarily attributed to proceeds from tax collection, state revenue from the oil & gas sector, the issuance of global bonds and the auction of Bank Indonesia foreign exchange bills.

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Bank Indonesia, the central bank of Indonesia, announced that the nation's foreign exchange reserves had grown to USD 119.9 billion at end-February 2017, up from USD $116.9 billion in the preceding month (and the third straight month of growth). The increase was primarily attributed to foreign exchange receipts, which includes tax revenues and the government's oil & gas export proceeds. The rise was also possible on the back of the withdrawal of government foreign loans as well as the auction of Bank Indonesia foreign exchange bills (SBBI).

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The tourism sector of Indonesia has great potential for rapid growth in the years ahead as the government has been eager to boost growth in this sector by allowing more countries to use the visa-free visit facility and by spending more on infrastructure development to enhance inter- and intra-connectivity (including the development of new airports and harbors). Moreover, Indonesia's tourism sector has plenty of opportunity to expand rapidly because this sector comes from a very low base (for example, compared to regional peers, Indonesia attracts relatively few foreign tourists).

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The central bank of Indonesia (Bank Indonesia) announced that the country's foreign exchange reserves fell to USD $111.5 billion at the end of November 2016, from USD $115.0 billion in the preceding month. The USD $3.5 billion decline was caused by Bank Indonesia's efforts to stabilize the rupiah exchange rate as well as the government's external debt repayments. Despite the decline, Bank Indonesia regards the current level of forex reserves as healthy.

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External debt of Indonesia grew at a pace of 10.7 percent year-on-year (y/y) in October 2014, slightly slower than the 11.2 percentage point (y/y) growth pace in the previous month, according to a statement of Indonesia’s central bank (Bank Indonesia). Total outstanding external debt of Indonesia reached USD $294.5 billion in October (from USD $292.3 billion in the previous month). While growth of public sector external debt slowed in October, private sector external debt accelerated.

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Total foreign outstanding debt of Indonesia continues to grow at a robust pace. Based on data from the country’s central bank, total external debt rose 11.2 percent year-on-year to USD $292 billion at the end of September 2014 as private Indonesian companies have been eager to seek lower interest rates abroad. Privately-held foreign debt was up 14 percent y/y to USD $159.3 billion at end-September. Central Bank official Tirta Segara said that private sector debt is concentrated in the financial, manufacturing and mining sectors.

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Non-bank corporations in Indonesia that hold external (foreign-denominated) debt will be forced to hedge their foreign exchange holdings against the Indonesian rupiah with a ratio of 20 percent in the period 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2015 in an effort to limit risks stemming from increased private sector external debt. At end-August 2014, privately-held foreign debt stood at USD $156.2 billion (53.8 percent of the country’s total external debt), increasing three-fold from end-2005 and thus jeopardizing macroeconomic stability.

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According to global credit rating and research agency Fitch Ratings, Indonesia's major banks are robust against the rupiah currency slide due to their low unhedged foreign currency exposure, strong loss-absorption cushions and - in some cases - foreign ownership. The slowdown in the economy will weigh on these (rated) banks' operating environment, but is unlikely to damage their credit profiles to any great extent. Below we provide Fitch Ratings' report. This report can also be accessed on their website.

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Similar to the Indonesian government, Indonesia's central bank also announced a fiscal policy package to support sustainable nationwide economic growth by curbing inflation, maintaining a more sustainable balance of payments as well as strengthening financial system stability. These additional policies are expected to synergise with the policy package unveiled by the government on Friday (23/08). These measures were taken as both the rupiah and Indonesia's main stock index (IHSG) are in a downward spiral.

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