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Today's Headlines Public Debt
In January 2022 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) announced it, again, revised its outlook for Indonesia’s economic growth. The Washington-based institution cut its forecast for growth in 2022 from 5.9 percent year-on-year (y/y) to 5.6 percent (y/y).
Reza Akbar, economist at the Institute for Development of Economics and Finance (Indef), is concerned about rising public foreign debt. Although the government and various analysts repeatedly state that Indonesia's (public) debt-to-GDP ratio is safe at a level below 30 percent, Akbar says debt should be seen in relation to government revenue.
Indonesia's outstanding government debt rose sharply. By the end of 2015, total government debt stood at IDR 3,089 trillion (approx. USD $222.2 billion), or 27 percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) according to a statement from Indonesia's Finance Ministry. One year earlier - at end 2014 - the nation's debt-to-GDP ratio was 24.7 percent (or IDR 2,608.8 trillion). Ever since the end of the Asian Financial Crisis in the late 1990s, Indonesia's debt-to-GDP ratio has eased from over 150 percent to a healthy range of 26-29 percent in recent years.
The foreign exchange reserves of Indonesia fell slightly in November. According to the latest data from Indonesia's central bank (Bank Indonesia) the reserves stood at USD $100.24 billion at end-November, down from USD $100.7 billion at the end of the preceding month. The reserves fell on foreign exchange receipts, public foreign debt payments and the central bank's efforts to stabilize the rupiah exchange rate.
Global rating agency Fitch Ratings affirmed Indonesia’s Sovereign Credit Rating at BBB-/stable outlook (investment grade status) on Thursday (13/11). This rating affirmation by the credit rating agency can be regarded as international recognition of prudent fiscal policy in Southeast Asia’s largest economy amid global uncertain times. Policy responses pursued by both the government and central bank of Indonesia have been well received by Fitch Ratings and managed to safeguard economic stability.
According to Indonesian Finance Ministry’s State Bond Director Loto Srinaita Ginting, the government of Indonesia intends to issue more than USD $500 million worth of samurai bonds in the fourth quarter of 2014. Samurai bonds are yen-denominated bonds. However, Ginting provided no further details about the bonds issuance. The Finance Ministry also plans to issue IDR 20 trillion (USD $1.7 billion) worth of domestic retail bonds in September 2014 (but these bonds are only available to Indonesians).
Indonesia’s external debt in February 2014 amounted to USD $272.1 billion, thus having increased 7.4 percent (year-on-year) from the same month a year earlier. Outstanding external debt as of end-February 2014 consisted of public sector debt (USD $129.0 billion) and private sector debt (USD $143.1 billion). The growth pace of Indonesia's external debt in February 2014 was slightly higher than the 7.2 percent (yoy) growth pace recorded in January 2014. These data were taken from Bank Indonesia's website.
Foreign debt of Indonesia totaled USD $264 billion per December 2013. Based on data from Statistics Indonesia, 46.8 percent of this total debt was accounted for by the public sector, while the remaining 53.2 percent was private sector debt. On a year-on-year (yoy) basis, growth of Indonesia’s total debt slowed to 4.06 percent in the last month of 2013. One year earlier this growth was significantly higher at 12.0 percent. Indonesia’s level of foreign debt is still safe at 30.2 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2013.
Fitch Ratings, one of the three major global rating agencies, affirmed Indonesia's sovereign credit rating at BBB- with a stable outlook. In a press release, the rating agency mentioned four key factors that led to the affirmation of the sovereign rating. These are: good policy management by Indonesia's central bank (Bank Indonesia) and government amid external pressures, relatively high economic growth, prudent fiscal management (resulting in low public debt), and a strong banking sector (confirmed by multiple stress tests).
Indonesia’s foreign debt was recorded at USD $257.30 billion in August 2013, a 0.9 decrease compared to foreign debt in July 2013 (USD $259.61 billion). On an annual basis (yoy), foreign debt growth in August was 6.6 percent, thus slowing compared to July’s growth of 7.4 percent (yoy). The central bank of Indonesia (Bank Indonesia) considers that the slowing growth in the country's foreign debt is in line with the slowing growth of the domestic economy. Indonesia's GDP growth forecast has been revised down to below the six percent mark.
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On Friday (17/04) Indonesia’s central bank (Bank Indonesia) announced that the country’s foreign debt grew 9.4 percent (y/y) to USD $298.9 billion in February 2015, thus slower than the 10.5 percent (y/y) growth rate in the preceding month. Indonesia’s external debt growth slowed as both public and private sectors refrained from taking more debt. Public sector foreign debt grew 4.4 percent (y/y) to USD 134.8 billion, while private sector foreign debt rose 13.8 percent (y/y) to USD $164.1 billion in February.
Total government debt of Indonesia rose IDR 781 trillion (USD $64.5 billion) between 2009 and 2013 to IDR 2,371.39 trillion (USD $196 billion). This growing outstanding government debt is mainly caused by government loans to finance its State Budgets (APBN) as well as recent sharp rupiah depreciation (as part of this debt is denominated in foreign currencies). In the same period, Indonesia's per capita debt rose from IDR 6.8 million (USD $561) to IDR 8.6 million (USD $710), a 26.4 percent growth.
Indonesia’s external debt growth continued to slow in October 2013. Debt grew 5.8 percent (yoy) to USD $262.4 billion compared to 8.6 percent (yoy) growth in the previous month. Slowing growth in external debt occurred both in the public and private sector. Public sector external debt position at the end of October 2013 grew 0.5 percent (yoy) to USD $125.8 billion compared to 2.1 percent (yoy) in September. Meanwhile, private sector external debt grew steadily at 11.1 percent (yoy) to USD $136.6 billion as compared to the previous month.
Realization of Indonesia's budget deficit in the first half of 2013 reached IDR 54.5 trillion (USD $5.5 billion) or 0.58 percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). The figure is still well below the target that is set in the revised state budget of 2013, namely IDR 224.2 trillion (USD $22.6 billion) or 2.38 percent of GDP. As a percentage of GDP, the outcome of the deficit in the first half of 2013 was lower than that in the first half of 2012. However, if we compare it with the years 2010 and 2011, the budget deficit in the first half of 2013 is high.
International financial services company Standard & Poor's (S&P) downgraded its outlook on Indonesia’s BB+ rating from positive to stable as the agency assessed that Indonesia's reform momentum is fading and the external profile is weakening. The decision came as a surprise as Indonesia's government had just declared to reduce its massive spending on fuel subsidies starting from next month. These subsidies were the main reason why S&P had not upgraded Indonesia's credit rating to investment grade yet.
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